What are some alternatives to exceptions in C++?

What are some alternatives to exceptions in C++?

Some alternatives to exceptions in C++ include error codes, assertions, and using std::optional or std::variant.

Can you explain how error codes work?

Error codes are returned by functions to indicate success or failure. A function might return 0 for success and a non-zero value for different error types.

What about using std::optional?

std::optional can be used to represent a value that may or may not be present, allowing you to check if a value exists without throwing an exception.

Are there any downsides to using error codes?

Yes, error codes can lead to less readable code and require additional checks after each function call, which can be cumbersome.