What are the best practices for using access specifiers in C++?

What are the best practices for using access specifiers in C++?

In C++, access specifiers (public, private, protected) control access to class members. Best practices include using private by default, exposing only necessary members as public, and using protected for inheritance.

Why should I use private by default?

Using private by default helps encapsulate your class's data, reducing the risk of unintended modifications and maintaining control over how data is accessed and modified.

Can you give an example of when to use protected?

Sure! Use protected when you want to allow derived classes to access certain members while keeping them hidden from the outside world. For instance, base class methods that should be accessible to subclasses but not to other classes.

What about friend classes? How do they fit in?

Friend classes can access private and protected members of another class. Use them sparingly, as they break encapsulation, but they can be useful for tightly coupled classes that need to work closely together.

Are there any exceptions to these rules?

Yes, exceptions can arise based on specific design needs. For example, in small projects or prototypes, you might prioritize speed over strict encapsulation. However, in larger systems, adhering to these practices is crucial for maintainability.