What are some examples of C++ template specialization?

Can you explain what C++ template specialization is?

C++ template specialization allows you to define different behaviors for templates based on specific types or conditions.

Can you give me an example of full specialization?

Sure! Here's an example:

template <typename T>
class Calculator {
public:
    T add(T a, T b) { return a + b; }
};

// Full specialization for int
template <> 
class Calculator<int> {
public:
    int add(int a, int b) { return a + b + 1; } // Adds 1 to the result
};

What about partial specialization?

Partial specialization allows you to specialize a template for a subset of types. For example:

template <typename T, typename U>
class Pair {
public:
    T first;
    U second;
};

// Partial specialization for when both types are the same
template <typename T>
class Pair<T, T> {
public:
    T first;
    T second;
    void print() { std::cout << first << " and " << second; }
};

How does this affect performance?

Template specialization can improve performance by allowing optimized implementations for specific types, reducing overhead.