What are the best practices for using smart pointers in C++11?

What are the best practices for using smart pointers in C++11?

In C++11, it's recommended to use std::unique_ptr for exclusive ownership, std::shared_ptr for shared ownership, and std::weak_ptr to avoid circular references.

When should I use std::shared_ptr instead of std::unique_ptr?

Use std::shared_ptr when multiple owners need to share the same resource. However, prefer std::unique_ptr when you only need a single owner to manage the resource.

Can you explain how to avoid memory leaks with smart pointers?

To avoid memory leaks, ensure that you don't create circular references with std::shared_ptr. Use std::weak_ptr to break cycles.

Are there any performance considerations I should be aware of?

Yes, std::unique_ptr is lightweight and has no overhead, while std::shared_ptr has some overhead due to reference counting. Use std::unique_ptr when possible for better performance.