What are the best practices for throwing exceptions in C++?

What are the best practices for throwing exceptions in C++?

When throwing exceptions in C++, it's important to use specific exception types, avoid throwing by value, and ensure proper resource management.

Can you explain why I should avoid throwing by value?

Throwing by value can lead to unnecessary copies of the exception object, which can be inefficient. Instead, throw by reference or pointer.

What types of exceptions should I create?

You should create specific exception types that derive from std::exception, allowing for better error handling and clarity.

How should I handle exceptions in my code?

Use try-catch blocks to handle exceptions gracefully, and ensure that you catch exceptions by reference to avoid slicing.

Are there any common pitfalls to avoid?

Yes, common pitfalls include catching exceptions by value, failing to catch specific exceptions, and not cleaning up resources properly.