What are some practical use cases for decorators in programming?

What are some practical use cases for decorators in programming?

Decorators are often used for logging, access control, memoization, and modifying function behavior.

Can you give me an example of a logging decorator?

Sure! A logging decorator can wrap a function to log its execution time or parameters. Here's a simple example:

import time

def log_execution_time(func):
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        start_time = time.time()
        result = func(*args, **kwargs)
        end_time = time.time()
        print(f"{func.__name__} executed in {end_time - start_time} seconds")
        return result
    return wrapper

What about using decorators for access control?

Access control decorators can restrict access to certain functions based on user roles. For example:

def requires_admin(func):
    def wrapper(user, *args, **kwargs):
        if user.role != 'admin':
            raise PermissionError("This action requires admin privileges.")
        return func(user, *args, **kwargs)
    return wrapper