What are the differences between depth-first and breadth-first search algorithms?

What are the differences between depth-first and breadth-first search algorithms?

Depth-first search (DFS) explores as far as possible along a branch before backtracking, while breadth-first search (BFS) explores all neighbors at the present depth prior to moving on to nodes at the next depth level.

Can you give me an example of when to use each algorithm?

Sure! Use DFS when you need to explore all possibilities, like in puzzles. Use BFS for shortest path problems, like finding the quickest route in a maze.

What are the time and space complexities of both algorithms?

DFS has a time complexity of O(V + E) and a space complexity of O(h), where h is the maximum depth of the tree. BFS also has a time complexity of O(V + E) but a space complexity of O(V), as it stores all nodes at the current level.

Are there any real-world applications for these algorithms?

Yes! DFS is used in topological sorting and solving puzzles, while BFS is used in social networking applications and web crawling.