What are the differences between decorators and wrappers in Python?

What are the differences between decorators and wrappers in Python?

Decorators are a specific type of wrapper that modify the behavior of a function or method. A wrapper is a more general term that refers to any function that takes another function as an argument and extends its behavior.

Can you give me an example of a decorator?

Sure! Here's a simple example of a decorator that adds 1 to the result of a function:

def add_one(func):
    def wrapper():
        return func() + 1
    return wrapper

@add_one
def get_number():
    return 5

print(get_number())  # Output: 6

What about a wrapper? How is it different?

A wrapper can be any function that takes another function and adds functionality. For example, a logging wrapper could log the execution time of a function without modifying its return value.

Can you show me a logging wrapper example?

Absolutely! Here's a simple logging wrapper:

import time

def log_execution_time(func):
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        start_time = time.time()
        result = func(*args, **kwargs)
        end_time = time.time()
        print(f"Execution time: {end_time - start_time} seconds")
        return result
    return wrapper

@log_execution_time
def my_function():
    time.sleep(2)
    return "Done!"

my_function()  # Logs execution time and returns 'Done!'