What are functools in Python?

What are functools in Python?

Functools is a module in Python that provides higher-order functions to work with callable objects. It includes utilities like memoization and partial function application.

Can you explain what memoization is?

Memoization is an optimization technique that stores the results of expensive function calls and returns the cached result when the same inputs occur again.

How do I use the @lru_cache decorator?

You can use @lru_cache by placing it above your function definition. It caches the results based on the function's arguments, improving performance for repeated calls.

Are there any other useful functions in functools?

Yes, functools also includes functions like partial, reduce, and cmp_to_key, which can help simplify function calls and operations.