What are some examples of encapsulation and abstraction in programming?

What are some examples of encapsulation and abstraction in programming?

Encapsulation is the bundling of data and methods that operate on that data within a single unit, like a class. For example, in a class representing a bank account, the balance is encapsulated within the class, and methods like deposit and withdraw control access to it.

Can you give me a real-world analogy for encapsulation?

Sure! Think of a capsule as a medicine. The capsule contains the medicine inside, protecting it and controlling how it's released. Similarly, encapsulation in programming protects the data and controls how it's accessed.

And what about abstraction? How is it different?

Abstraction simplifies complex systems by hiding unnecessary details. For instance, when you drive a car, you use the steering wheel and pedals without needing to understand the engine's mechanics. In programming, abstraction allows you to use complex functions without knowing their internal workings.

Can you provide a code example demonstrating both concepts?

Certainly! Here's a simple example in Python:

class BankAccount:
    def __init__(self, balance=0):
        self.__balance = balance  # Encapsulation

    def deposit(self, amount):
        self.__balance += amount

    def withdraw(self, amount):
        if amount <= self.__balance:
            self.__balance -= amount

    def get_balance(self):
        return self.__balance  # Abstraction

In this code, __balance is encapsulated, and users interact with the account through methods without needing to see the balance directly.