What are the key steps to identify causation in a study?
To identify causation, you should establish correlation, determine the direction of the relationship, and rule out confounding variables.
Can you explain what confounding variables are?
Confounding variables are external factors that can affect both the independent and dependent variables, potentially misleading the results.
How do I rule out confounding variables?
You can control for confounding variables through randomization, matching, or statistical control methods like regression analysis.
Are there any common mistakes to avoid when identifying causation?
Yes, common mistakes include assuming causation from correlation, neglecting confounding variables, and not considering the temporal order of events.
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