How do I implement abstraction and encapsulation in programming?

How do I implement abstraction and encapsulation in programming?

Abstraction is about hiding complex realities while exposing only the necessary parts. Encapsulation is about bundling data and methods that operate on that data within one unit. Would you like examples in a specific programming language?

Yes, can you provide an example in Python?

Sure! In Python, you can use classes to implement both concepts. For abstraction, you can create an abstract class using the abc module. For encapsulation, you can use private attributes. Here's a simple example...

Can you show me the code for that?

Absolutely! Here's a basic example:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Shape(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def area(self):
        pass

class Circle(Shape):
    def __init__(self, radius):
        self.__radius = radius  # private attribute
    
    def area(self):
        return 3.14 * (self.__radius ** 2)

This code demonstrates abstraction with the Shape class and encapsulation with the private __radius attribute.

That's great! How can I test this code?

You can test it by creating an instance of the Circle class and calling the area method. Here's how:

circle = Circle(5)
print(circle.area())  # Output: 78.5

This will give you the area of the circle with a radius of 5.