What are the differences in access modifiers between Java and other programming languages?

What are the differences in access modifiers between Java and other programming languages?

In Java, access modifiers include public, private, protected, and default. Other languages like C++ and Python have different approaches. For example, C++ uses public, private, and protected, but doesn't have a default modifier. Python uses a convention with underscores to indicate private members.

Can you explain what 'protected' means in Java?

Sure! In Java, 'protected' means that the member is accessible within its own package and by subclasses, even if they are in different packages. This is different from languages like C++, where 'protected' members are only accessible by subclasses.

How does the default access modifier work in Java?

The default access modifier in Java means that the member is accessible only within its own package. If no modifier is specified, it is considered default. This is unlike languages like C++, where there is no equivalent.

Are there any access modifiers in Python?

Python doesn't have formal access modifiers like Java. Instead, it uses naming conventions: a single underscore (_) suggests a member is intended for internal use, while a double underscore (__) triggers name mangling to avoid name clashes.