What are the key concepts of Object-Oriented Programming in Python?

What are the key concepts of Object-Oriented Programming in Python?

The key concepts of OOP in Python are encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction.

Can you explain encapsulation with an example?

Sure! Encapsulation is the bundling of data and methods that operate on that data within a single unit, like a class. For example:

class Dog:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.__name = name  # private attribute

    def bark(self):
        return f'{self.__name} says woof!'

Here, __name is encapsulated within the Dog class.

What about inheritance?

Inheritance allows a class to inherit attributes and methods from another class. For example:

class Animal:
    def speak(self):
        return 'Animal speaks'

class Dog(Animal):
    def bark(self):
        return 'Woof!'

Here, Dog inherits from Animal.

Can you give me a brief on polymorphism?

Polymorphism allows methods to do different things based on the object it is acting upon. For example:

class Cat(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return 'Meow!'

def animal_sound(animal):
    print(animal.speak())

animal_sound(Dog())  # Outputs: Woof!
animal_sound(Cat())  # Outputs: Meow!

Here, speak behaves differently for Dog and Cat.