What are the key concepts of OOP in Python?

What are the key concepts of OOP in Python?

The key concepts of OOP in Python are encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction.

Can you explain encapsulation with an example?

Sure! Encapsulation is the bundling of data and methods that operate on that data within a single unit, or class. For example:

class Dog:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.__name = name  # private attribute

    def bark(self):
        return f'{self.__name} says woof!'

Here, __name is a private attribute, and it can only be accessed through methods of the class.

What is inheritance in Python?

Inheritance allows a class to inherit attributes and methods from another class. For example:

class Animal:
    def speak(self):
        return 'Animal speaks'

class Dog(Animal):
    def bark(self):
        return 'Dog barks'

Here, Dog inherits from Animal.

How does polymorphism work in Python?

Polymorphism allows methods to do different things based on the object it is acting upon. For example:

class Cat:
    def speak(self):
        return 'Cat meows'

def animal_sound(animal):
    print(animal.speak())

animal_sound(Dog())  # Dog barks
animal_sound(Cat())  # Cat meows