What are some real-world examples of abstract classes and interfaces?

What are some real-world examples of abstract classes and interfaces?

Abstract classes and interfaces are fundamental concepts in object-oriented programming. For example, in a payment processing system, you might have an abstract class called PaymentMethod with methods like processPayment(). Specific payment types like CreditCard and PayPal would inherit from this class. An interface like Refundable could define a method processRefund(), which any payment method can implement.

Can you give me more examples in different domains?

Sure! In a vehicle management system, you could have an abstract class Vehicle with methods like startEngine() and stopEngine(). Classes like Car and Truck would extend this. An interface Electric could define methods like chargeBattery(), which electric vehicles would implement.

How do abstract classes differ from interfaces?

Abstract classes can have both abstract methods and concrete methods, while interfaces can only have abstract methods (until Java 8, which introduced default methods). Additionally, a class can implement multiple interfaces but can only inherit from one abstract class.

What programming languages support these concepts?

Most object-oriented programming languages support abstract classes and interfaces, including Java, C#, and Python. Each language has its own syntax and rules for implementing these concepts.