What are the limitations of timestamp ordering in database systems?
Timestamp ordering is a concurrency control method, but it has several limitations. For instance, it can lead to deadlocks if transactions are not managed properly.
Can you explain how deadlocks occur with timestamp ordering?
Deadlocks occur when two or more transactions hold locks on resources and wait for each other to release them. In timestamp ordering, if a transaction with a later timestamp waits for one with an earlier timestamp, it can create a cycle.
Are there any performance issues associated with timestamp ordering?
Yes, performance can degrade due to the overhead of maintaining timestamps and the potential for increased rollbacks if conflicts arise.
What are some alternatives to timestamp ordering?
Alternatives include optimistic concurrency control, two-phase locking, and multi-version concurrency control, each with its own trade-offs.
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