What are some examples of Python decorators in use?

What are some examples of Python decorators in use?

Python decorators are a powerful tool for modifying functions or methods. For example, the @staticmethod decorator allows a method to be called on a class without needing an instance. Another example is the @login_required decorator in web frameworks, which restricts access to certain views.

Can you show me a simple code example of a custom decorator?

Sure! Here's a simple custom decorator that logs the execution time of a function:

import time

def timer(func):
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        start_time = time.time()
        result = func(*args, **kwargs)
        end_time = time.time()
        print(f"{func.__name__} executed in {end_time - start_time} seconds")
        return result
    return wrapper

@timer
def my_function():
    time.sleep(1)
    print("Function completed!")

my_function()

What about using decorators with classes?

Great question! You can use decorators with classes as well. For instance, you can create a decorator that modifies the behavior of a class method. Here's an example:

def class_decorator(cls):
    cls.new_attribute = 'This is a new attribute'
    return cls

@class_decorator
class MyClass:
    pass

print(MyClass.new_attribute)  # Output: This is a new attribute

Are there any built-in decorators in Python?

Yes, Python has several built-in decorators, such as @staticmethod, @classmethod, and @property. These decorators help define methods that have specific behaviors in classes.